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The Hakka Tulou are unique, fortress-like buildings located in the mountainous areas of Fujian Province. These large, circular or rectangular earthen structures were built by the Hakka people, an ethnic group known for their migratory history. The Tulou are notable for their communal living spaces, defensive features, and remarkable architectural design. Who are the Hakka People? The Hakka are a subgroup of the Han Chinese, known for their migratory history and resilience. Originating from northern China, the Hakka migrated southwards over several centuries, settling in the mountainous regions of southern China. The name "Hakka" means "guest people," reflecting their history of migration and settlement in new areas. Hakka culture places a strong emphasis on education, family unity, and community cooperation. Despite facing hardships and displacement, the Hakka have maintained their unique cultural identity and traditions. Historical and Cultural Background Origins and History The construction of Tulou began during the Song Dynasty (960-1279) and continued through the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1912) Dynasties. These buildings were designed to provide protection and communal living for large families or clans, often housing up to 80 families in a single Tulou. Cultural Significance The Tulou reflect the Hakka people's need for security and their communal lifestyle. The buildings are designed to be self-sufficient, with living quarters, storage areas, and defensive structures all incorporated into the design. The Hakka culture values family unity, and the Tulou are a physical manifestation of this principle. Architectural Features Design and Structure Tulou are typically large, multi-storied structures built with thick earthen walls that provide insulation and protection. The outer walls are made from rammed earth, mixed with stone, bamboo, and wood, making them extremely durable. The interiors are organized around a central courtyard, with rooms for living, storage, and communal activities. Defensive Capabilities The design of the Tulou includes defensive features such as narrow windows and a single, reinforced entrance. These elements were intended to protect the inhabitants from bandits and wild animals. The circular shape of many Tulou also allows for effective communication and defense within the building. Communal and Social Aspects Living Arrangements The Tulou were built to house entire clans, with each family having its own designated area within the structure. The central courtyard served as a communal space for social activities, celebrations, and meetings. This layout fostered a strong sense of community and cooperation among the inhabitants. Self-Sufficiency The Tulou were designed to be self-sufficient, with areas designated for food storage, livestock, and agricultural activities. This self-sufficiency was essential, as the Tulou were often located in remote, mountainous areas where resources needed to be carefully managed. UNESCO World Heritage Status Recognition In 2008, several Fujian Tulou were inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. This recognition highlights their architectural uniqueness, cultural significance, and historical importance. The Tulou are considered outstanding examples of communal living and defensive architecture. Conservation Efforts Efforts to preserve the Tulou focus on maintaining the traditional construction techniques and protecting the buildings from modern threats such as tourism pressure and environmental degradation. These efforts aim to ensure that the Tulou remain a living part of Hakka culture. Conclusion The Hakka Tulou are extraordinary structures that embody the resilience, ingenuity, and communal spirit of the Hakka people. These architectural marvels continue to stand as a testament to the Hakka's ability to adapt and thrive in challenging environments. As both historical treasures and vibrant communities, the Tulou attract visitors from around the world, offering a glimpse into a unique way of life. With How To Do? In China ...

A flashback to October 2004 ...

XiaMen is a beautiful coastal city in FuJian province, south east China ...

With Walk East ...

ZheJiang province. A beautiful place to relax ...

JiuXiang Scenic Area lies about 70 kilometres from KunMing and 47 km from the town of YiLiang. In JiuXiang, rivers and streams criss-cross karst hills and mountains. There are more than one hundred caves here that form one of the largest cave groups in China. The stalactites in the caves take on many forms in different colours. Found in the caves are numerous natural bridges, valleys, steams and waterfalls, which constitute a wonderful subterranean world. With a total area of about 200 square kilometres, JiuXiang consists of five smaller scenic areas.

An awesome film - don't miss it ... September trip, in 2017; charming couple. XinJiang, north west China, includes the Tien Shan and Kunlun Shan mountains, the Taklimakan Desert, and the Tarim Basin.

With Beijing Old Liu ... Goose Spring (Equan) Visitor Guide - GuangXi Overview Goose Spring, also known as Equan, is a renowned scenic spot in GuangXi Province, China. Known for its crystal-clear waters, lush greenery, and serene environment, Goose Spring offers a perfect getaway for nature lovers and those seeking tranquility. Getting There Location: Bama Yao Autonomous County, HeChi City, GuangXi Province, China. Public Transport: By Bus: There are regular buses from HeChi City to Bama Yao Autonomous County. From there, local transportation options such as taxis can take you to Goose Spring. By Train: The nearest major railway station is in HeChi City. From the station, you can take a bus or taxi to the scenic area. Opening Hours Daily: 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM Tickets Entrance Fee: ¥60 Discounted Ticket (for children, students, and seniors): ¥30 Main Attractions Goose Spring offers several attractions for visitors to explore: Goose Spring (Equan): The main feature, this spring is known for its exceptionally clear water and beautiful surroundings. Equan Waterfall: A picturesque waterfall located near the spring, providing a stunning backdrop for photos. Scenic Walking Trails: Various trails around the spring offer opportunities for leisurely walks and enjoying the natural beauty. Lush Forests: The area is surrounded by dense forests, home to diverse flora and fauna. Observation Decks: Several decks offer panoramic views of the scenic area, perfect for photography and relaxation. Activities Visitors can engage in a variety of activities at Goose Spring: Hiking: Explore the trails that wind through the scenic area and enjoy the beautiful natural environment. Bird Watching: The area is home to many bird species, making it ideal for bird watchers. Photography: Capture the stunning landscapes and serene environment. Relaxing by the Spring: Spend time relaxing by the clear waters of the spring and soaking in the tranquility. Picnicking: There are designated areas for picnics, where visitors can enjoy a meal amidst nature. Dining and Refreshments Several small restaurants and snack stalls are available around Goose Spring, offering local GuangXi cuisine and refreshments. It's also a good idea to bring your own snacks and water. Visitor Tips Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are the best times to visit due to the pleasant weather and beautiful scenery. Summer can be hot, and winter can be cold. Wear Comfortable Shoes: The scenic area has many trails, so comfortable walking shoes are recommended. Stay Hydrated: Bring plenty of water, especially if you plan on hiking. Prepare for Weather: Bring a raincoat or umbrella during the rainy season, and dress in layers for temperature changes. Respect Nature: Follow park rules, stay on designated paths, and do not disturb the wildlife. Nearby Attractions Baimo Cave: A fascinating karst cave with unique rock formations and underground rivers, located in Bama Yao Autonomous County. Baimang River: A beautiful river known for its clear waters and picturesque surroundings, ideal for boating and sightseeing. Longevity Village: A village famous for the longevity of its residents, offering insights into local culture and lifestyle. Conclusion Goose Spring (Equan) in GuangXi is a tranquil and beautiful destination that offers a mix of natural beauty, serene environment, and cultural experiences. Whether you're a nature enthusiast, hiker, or simply looking for a peaceful retreat, Goose Spring provides an unforgettable experience.

Western 'freedom' is a system where the majority will be poor, to pay for spreading that 'freedom' worldwide. Bonus film : War is Peace - with Neutrality Studies ...